Science, 26 JUL 2024, Volume 385 Issue 6707
《科学》2024年7月26日，第385卷，6707期
量子计较Quantum Computing
Operating semiconductor quantum processors with hopping spins
经由过程跳频自旋操控半导体量子处置惩罚器
▲ 作者：CHIEN-AN WANG, VALENTIN JOHN et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado5915
▲择要：
于此，咱们展示了经由过程设计具备位点依靠自旋量子化轴的量子点之间的自旋跳，可以用离散旌旗灯号成立量子节制。咱们展示了基在跳跃的量子逻辑，并得到了99.97%的单量子位门保真度，每一跳99.992%的相关穿越保真度以及99.3%的双量子位门保真度，对于应已经经猜测的答应量子纠错的过错率。
咱们还经由过程统计映照10量子点体系的相关性，证实跳变自旋组成了一种调谐要领。咱们的研究成果注解，分离安插的密集量子点阵列可以用在高效以及高毗连的量子比特寄放器。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we show that by engineering the hopping of spins between quantum dots with a site-dependent spin quantization axis, quantum control can be established with discrete signals. We demonstrate hopping-based quantum logic and obtain single-qubit gate fidelities of 99.97%, coherent shuttling fidelities of 99.992% per hop, and a two-qubit gate fidelity of 99.3%, corresponding to error rates that have been predicted to allow for quantum error correction. We also show that hopping spins constitute a tuning method by statistically mapping the coherence of a 10–quantum dot system. Our results show that dense quantum dot arrays with sparse occupation could be developed for efficient and high-connectivity qubit registers.
化学Chemistry
The sugar cube: Network control and emergence in stereoediting reactions
己糖立方：立体编纂反映中的收集节制以及涌现
▲ 作者：HAYDEN M. CARDER, GINO OCCHIALINI et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp2447
▲择要：
于此咱们提出“收集节制”，这是一种对于比典范，可以哄骗速度常数之间隐蔽的彼此作用放年夜适度的内涵误差，并实现切确的多站点编纂。
当收集节制运用在己糖的光化学异构化时，可以选择性地得到八种可能的非对于映体中的六种。放年夜效应可以看做是介在简朴化学体系的动力学节制以及繁杂生物体系的代谢调治之间的一种中标准征象。
▲ Abstract：
We propose “network control,” a contrasting paradigm that exploits hidden interactions between rate constants to greatly amplify modest intrinsic biases and enable precise multisite editing. When network control is applied to the photochemical isomerization of hexoses, six of the eight possible diastereomers can be selectively obtained. The amplification effect can be viewed as a mesoscale phenomenon between the limiting regimes of kinetic control in simple chemical systems and metabolic regulation in complex biological systems.
质料科学Material Sciences
Borrowed dislocations for ductility in ceramics
借位错实现陶瓷拉伸塑性变形
▲ 作者：L. R. DONG, J. ZHANG et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp0559
▲择要：
于此，咱们提出了一种“借位错”的计谋，该计谋使器具有有序化学键的共格界面。这类要领使陶瓷经由过程界面调动年夜量来自金属的位错，年夜年夜提高了陶瓷的拉伸延展性，从而降服了陶瓷内部间接位错成核的应战。这类计谋为提高陶瓷的拉伸延展性提供了新要领。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we propose a “borrowing-dislocations” strategy that uses a tailored interfacial structure with well-ordered bonds. Such an approach enables ceramics to have greatly improved tensile ductility by mobilizing a considerable number of dislocations in ceramic borrowed from metal through the interface, thereby overcoming the challenge associated with direct dislocation nucleation within ceramics. This strategy provides a way to enhance tensile ductility in ceramics.
地球科学Earth Science
Fault size–dependent fracture energy explains multiscale seismicity and cascading earthquakes
断层巨细相干的断裂能注释多标准地动勾当性以及级联地动
▲ 作者：ALICE-AGNES GABRIEL, DMITRY I. GARAGASH et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj9587
▲择要：
咱们以为，小地动以及年夜地动的断裂历程是彻底差别的。咱们将地动不雅测与基在物理的地动模子相联合，发明于小地动的能量出入中，动力削弱以及再强化效应都是不成轻忽的。
咱们成立了断裂能与断层巨细的线性标度瓜葛，和断裂标度与滑动的线性标度瓜葛。经由过程超等计较，咱们运用这类标准展现了断层毁伤区内触及跨越700个多标准裂痕的年夜型动态分裂地动级联。咱们为地动勾当性提供了一个简朴的注释，这对于理解地动成因以及多断层分裂级联具备主要意思。
▲ Abstract：
We propose that fundamentally different fracture processes govern small and large earthquakes. We combined seismological observations with physics-based earthquake models, finding that both dynamic weakening and restrengthening effects are non-negligible in the energy budget of small earthquakes. We established a linear scaling relationship between fracture energy and fault size and a break in scaling with slip. We applied this scaling using supercomputing and unveiled large dynamic rupture earthquake cascades involving 700 multiscale fractures within a fault damage zone. We provide a simple explanation for seismicity across all scales with implications for comprehending earthquake genesis and multifault rupture cascades.
Anthropogenic amplification of precipitation variability over the past century
人类勾当致使已往百年来全世界降水变率加强
▲ 作者：WENXIA ZHANG, TIANJUN ZHOU, AND PEILI WU
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp0212
▲择要：
于此，咱们注解于已往的一个世纪里，因为报酬变暖累积，全世界（超75%的陆地面积）降水变率已经经增加。从逐日到季候的时间标准规模均可以看到变率的增长，全世界日变率每一10年增长1.2%，于欧洲、Australia以及北美东部尤其凸起。
降水变率的增长重要是由与年夜气潮湿有关的热力学驱动的，于年月际标准上受环流变迁的调治。这对于气候以及天气猜测和社会以及生态体系的回复复兴力以及顺应威力提出了新的应战。
▲ Abstract：
Here we show that precipitation variability has already grown globally (over 75% of land area) over the past century, as a result of accumulated anthropogenic warming. The increased variability is seen across daily to intraseasonal timescales, with daily variability increased by 1.2% per 10 years globally, and is particularly prominent over Europe, 澳大利亚, and eastern North America. Increased precipitation variability is driven mainly by thermodynamics linked to atmospheric moistening, modulated at decadal timescales by circulation changes. Amplified precipitation variability poses new challenges for weather and climate predictions, as well as for resilience and adaptation by societies and ecosystems.
生物学Biology
Neurons for infant social behaviors in the mouse zona incerta
小鼠不决带中卖力幼儿社会举动的神经元
幼鼠无动带社会举动的神经元
▲ 作者：YUEXUAN LI, ZHONG-WU LIU et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk7411
▲择要：
相识婴儿社会举动的神经根蒂根基对于在阐明初期社会以及感情成长的机制至关主要。于这项研究中，咱们陈诉于断奶前小鼠的不决带（ZISST）中表达生长抑素的特定神经元群，这些神经元对于社会互动做出动态反映，出格是与母亲的互动。
于幼鼠中举行的双向神经勾当操作注解，断奶前的ZISST神经元与觉得、情绪以及认知脑中央的广泛毗连介导了与母亲存于相干的两个要害顺应功效:削减举动困扰以及促成进修。这些发明展现了幼鼠年夜脑中的协调与母亲的瓜葛对于幼鼠举动以及心理的踊跃影响的神经元。
▲ Abstract：
Understanding the neural basis of infant social behaviors is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms of early social and emotional development. In this work, we report a specific population of somatostatin-expressing neurons in the zona incerta (ZISST) of preweaning mice that responds dynamically to social interactions, particularly those with their mother. Bidirectional neural activity manipulations in pups revealed that widespread connectivity of preweaning ZISST neurons to sensory, emotional, and cognitive brain centers mediates two key adaptive functions associated with maternal presence: the reduction of behavior distress and the facilitation of learning. These findings reveal a population of neurons in the infant mouse brain that coordinate the positive effects of the relationship with the mother on an infant’s behavior and physiology.
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